While Eastern countries are rising up against their dictatorial policy that stifles them for decades, these countries where I lived, I traveled, my emotion is great to know that when I go back many things have changed for the better, at least I hope so. And thus some of them, like Algeria that I do not know and Libya that I present again today open to tourism for their past and wonders of this new present and are shared by all the world.
On July 27, 2010, so I posted on the blog's history I learned in Libya CM2 and I again invite you to discover.
Feel free to go in the editor search outside the blog "Search" by typing Libya, where you'll find more articles about this country that deserves to be visited, of course, once calm has returned and everything will be stabilized. His desert is beautiful, his side had been chosen by the Romans, Phoenicians and left entire cities of unparalleled splendor to my eyes. Leptis Magna, Sabratha, Cyrene that I never had the opportunity to explore the ruins that make you dream about a glorious past.
I kept my notebook of History class when I lived in CM2 Libya and was educated in school Franco-Libyan Tripoli. Here is a story little known that I am sharing with you.
On July 27, 2010, so I posted on the blog's history I learned in Libya CM2 and I again invite you to discover.
Feel free to go in the editor search outside the blog "Search" by typing Libya, where you'll find more articles about this country that deserves to be visited, of course, once calm has returned and everything will be stabilized. His desert is beautiful, his side had been chosen by the Romans, Phoenicians and left entire cities of unparalleled splendor to my eyes. Leptis Magna, Sabratha, Cyrene that I never had the opportunity to explore the ruins that make you dream about a glorious past.
I kept my notebook of History class when I lived in CM2 Libya and was educated in school Franco-Libyan Tripoli. Here is a story little known that I am sharing with you.
The Greeks:
Venus Greek islands, north east of the Mediterranean Sea, they occupied Cyrenaica and founded five cities:
Cyrenaica: Chahat.
Appolonia Sousse.
Tikhora: Tocra. Baro
El Meye.
Euspérédès: Benghazi.
The Phoenicians: The Phoenicians were
the inhabitants of a part of Asia Minor in the edge of the Mediterranean Sea. They were a nation of sailors and merchants. They discovered the west coast of Libya, Tripoli and founded cities, the most important were: Sabratha, OEA (Tripoli) and Leptis Magna.
The Romans
Several times, the Romans tried to invade the Phoenician cities of northern Libya, but the cities were protected by their leaders fighting Phoenician and Numerian (Berbers). But finally, when the famous Caesar became emperor of Rome, he succeeded in defeating the Phoenicians and Numerian and annexed all of North Africa to his empire after the famous battle of Actium in 31 BC (when cities Greece fell under Roman rule).
Some aspects of Roman civilization in Libya:
The Romans introduced their civilization and their way of life in Libya. They made larger cities, build theaters, temples, circuses and public baths. They dug wells to get water and tanks to keep the olive oil. Schools were founded. Were taught Latin, the Libyan children were admitted. Born in Leptis Magna in 145 AD, Septimius Severus, became an officer, then emperor in 193 BC apes. He died during a battle in England in 214 AD.
The economy of Libya during the Roman occupation:
Libya's economy is growing considerably under the Romans.
Agriculture became easier thanks to the water wells, aqueducts and reservoirs installed by the Romans. Were cultivated cereals (wheat, oats), they planted fruit trees (olive, palm trees, vines and citrus). Enough crops for local consumption and the rest was exported to Rome.
Trade:
The Romans built roads to promote the passage of the caravan trade between Libya and the countries of central Africa. The Romans imported ivory, gold, wild animals and slaves. They exported olive oil, grain, sheep, goats. The
Roman government of Libya: The government
was by means of a central government representative from Rome to the most important cities. Small towns and inland villages were governed by Libyans in the same region and who were also responsible for collecting taxes for the central government in Rome.
The Vandals:
In the 5th century AD, Libya was invaded by the Vandals. Their king was called Genseric. Under his reign, the Libyans were abused and their devastated country. Shortly after, the people from all over North Africa is united and organized a revolt against the Vandals who were expelled from the country.
The Byzantines:
The Byzantines conquered Libya under the command of their king Justinian 1st with Belisarius at his side. Justinian gave orders to rebuild the Roman cities that were devastated during the reign of the Vandals. Tripoli was still considered the capital of Libya and the Libyans had the freedom to run their internal affairs. The Byzantines remained in Libya until 643 AD.
Islam and the Arab conquests:
Arabs belong to the Semitic race and lived in the Arabian Peninsula. The largest Some of them were nomads, living in tents and caring for livestock. Only the inhabitants of Yemen, Mecca and Medina were sedentary. The Arabs were pagans. They worshiped many idols as statues of bronze or stone, having the appearance of human beings who were kept and venerated in the temple of the Kaaba in Mecca.
Now the Arabian Peninsula consists of several Arab countries including the largest is the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Saudi:
Arabia is a peninsula located in Asia Minor. It is bordered by the Red Sea Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf.
Birth of Islam:
Koreysh The tribe was the tribe's richest and most important to Mecca. It controlled the region hÿaz and had the burden of caring for the Kaaba.
year 571 AD saw the birth of Mohammed Ben Ali Taleb, of the tribe who became Koreysh prophet and began teaching Islam to the Arabs in 611 AD Parès.
The Medina was chosen as the capital of the Islamic state. Muslim believers were responsible for communicating Islam to their fellow citizens and destroy the old idols of the pagans.
"God is unique.
He is omnipotent. It is the sole creator of the universe ".
Islam recognizes the existence of other religions are monotheistic: Judaism and Christianity.
The prophet Mohammed died in Medina on June 8 632 AD. A his death, the Islamic state was governed by four of his companions called Rachidites Kharga, that is to say, the successors of the Prophet and the believers who follow the Straight Path. They were:
Aboubaker Esadik.
Omar bin Khattab.
Ben Othman Affeh.
Ali Ben Abi Taleb.
The Muslim calendar:
The Muslim calendar is not the same as Christian.
It was decided to fix the date from the day the Prophet Muhammad left his hometown of Mecca to settle in La Medina.
Months of the Islamic year are months luniares, there are 11 days shorter than the months of the Christian year. This year (1975) is the year 1396 of the Hegira. The Hijra is the migration of the Prophet to Medina, that is to say having a place left to go elsewhere.
The conquest of North Africa:
From 25 to 95 of the Hijra.
From 643 to 713 AD.
Cause of taking the Libya.
Libya is situated on the direct route from North Africa, the conquest would facilitate access to Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco and serve as a starting point for the Arab attack.
Amer Ibn Al Ass:
Governor of Egypt, he tries to conquer Libya and actually it happens to occupy the Cyrenaica. He sends one of his officers, Okba Ben Nafâa to continue to adopt the other regions of Libya, the provinces and remote oases. Okba Ben Nafâa always advance on Libyan territory and he arrives in Tunisia to win completes and there founded a city: Kairouan, which became the first Islamic capital Arab and North Africa. A mosquéey is built, and it bears the name of Ben Okba Nafâa and still exists to date.
The conquest of Spain:
Having completed the conquest of Algeria and Morocco, the Arabs settled and Islam spread it everywhere, even among the Berber tribes.
a young officer, TAREK BEN ZIAD led the attack against Spain by crossing the Strait of Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq), which separates it from Morocco. The Arabs stayed in Spain for 800 years during which they did convert to Islam, many of the English population and built magnificent mosques and Towns And in that time Spain was known as Andalusia.
The Spaniards and the Knights of St John of Malta:
Spain remained occupied by Arabs for 800 years. But then, Arab governments and weakened the Spaniards returned to their country and attacked the countries of North Africa where the Arabs had fled, they could fill in some areas.
In 1510, the Spaniards arrived in Libya and, after a lengthy battle, they could not take that Tripoli whose inhabitants took refuge in Tajoura to try to rebuild their army and take back their city.
In 1530, the King of Spain Charles V gave Tripoli to the Knights of St. John who were already established in Malta, an island lying off the north of Libya.
The Ottomans: In the fifteenth century, the Turkish empire was at its peak and the Libyans in Tripoli demanded the Turkish fleet to help them fight the Spaniards and the Knights of St John of Malta, and the hunt Tripoli. It was thus that the Turkish officer Mourad Agha and his troops besieged the town and attacked the fleet of the Knights of St. John. They were defeated and forced to leave Libya. This time, Libya became a province of the Turkish Empire, the Ottoman Empire. Murad Agha was the first governor in Libya. He undertook to bring peace, prosperity and security in Libya. Several governors succeeded in Libya during the Ottoman period. Everyone brought great improvements in the organization of Libyan cities.
example: Dorgouth Bach:
- did enlarge the port of Tripoli,
- did reduce the amount of tribute paid by the Libyan provinces of the Ottoman Empire,
- made major reforms to develop agriculture,
- encouraged trade and expansion of new construction. In the ancient city of Tripoli, there is a mosque, the mosque where Dargouth Bacha he is buried.
Then Othman Bach:
- he built the first Turkish school in Bab el Bahr (near the port),
- did increase the number of vessels belonging to the Turkish corsair fleet.
Other governors established schools, courts, parliament, the press, postal and telegraphic communications.
Among the most beautiful buildings and interesting, you can admire the Turkish fort and its hanging gardens, now converted into a historical museum, he finds himself in Tripoli, near the port.
The last Turkish governor called Brahim Adham and his reign in the late nineteenth century, the power of the Turkish Empire began to decline because of the many wars that Turkey had lost (against the Balkan states) and also because of internal strife. Taking advantage of the situation very critical of Turkey, Britain, France and Italy took possession of the Ottoman provinces, Egypt, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya.
Libya under the Italian occupation:
Italy is swamped by the ever increasing rate of its population. Taking advantage of the weakness of the Ottoman Empire, she declares war in 1911. During the months of October and November 1911, Italy is the most important cities of the coast: Tripoli, Cerna, Masrata. Libyans, the Turkish officers valiantly resisted their enemies and prevented advance beyond the cities already occupied.
few years later, Turkey engaged in the war against the Balkans, Libya decided to abandon to its fate and sign a peace treaty with Italy. The First World War broke out in 1914. Italy is united with England against Turkey, Germany and Austria, but then concentrate all its efforts in the war, Italy is first overcome the Libyan resistance and occupy the rest of the territories Libyan.
The Libyan people still fighting but he was oppressed by the great number and the military capabilities of the Italians. By 1931, all Libya was occupied and put to Italian colonialism.
The Italian government had a program to install the Italians in Libya.
1 / Italians were encouraged to emigrate to Libya, they were building schools to spread their civilization and language.
2 / The Italian Government established branches, the largest Italian banks in major cities of Libya to allow Italians to deposit their capital. Once established in Libya, the Italians settled and started) to make major improvements (Development of cities, ports, roads ...) and exploited the land where they did develop, especially the cultivation of olive trees, almond trees, vineyards and orange groves. And livestock.
The Second World War and the British occupation:
She burst in 1939. In 1940, Italy signed an assistance treaty with Germany: ASCE. The two countries had a fascist regime (Mussolini - Hitler) and fought together.
Thousands of Libyans were forced to participate in this war. The Italians, led by Marshal Graziani, wanted to occupy Egypt, which was defended by the English were repulsed but resumed the attack under the command of Field Marshal Rommel; they occupied part of Egypt and remained there for two years.
Shortly after October 1942, a battle broke out against the Italians and the Germans to prevent them from moving to Alexandria, they were defeated by the British under General Montgomery couduite.
The German and Italian troops were forced to retire in their country. The French, already installed in Tunisia, occupied the Fèsane (Morocco) and the British occupied Cyrenaica and Tripoli in January 1943.
Libya under the British administration: The
English created two military governments in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. They were called: the British Military Mission. A similar missions to Fésane created, but it was directed by the French. The British chose a veteran Libyan Jamahiriya to form a monarchy, the Prince of Libya, Idris Sanusi, had fought the Italians and then fled to Egypt. The United Nations voted for the independence of Libya, made on 1 January 1952. The prince was elected King Idriss of Libya.
The Kingdom of Libya:
under King Idris, Libya, which was divided into four independent provinces from each other was unified. The royal regime did not take much effort to develop agriculture and industry in Libya. The presence of foreign forces were still accepted. There was a military base belonging to the British at Tobruk (Lawrense of Arabia - the film and the son of the desert with Anthony Quinn) and one very large air base that was leased to the Americans in Tripoli.
The Democratic Republic Jamahiriya:
Venus Greek islands, north east of the Mediterranean Sea, they occupied Cyrenaica and founded five cities:
Cyrenaica: Chahat.
Appolonia Sousse.
Tikhora: Tocra. Baro
El Meye.
Euspérédès: Benghazi.
The Phoenicians: The Phoenicians were
the inhabitants of a part of Asia Minor in the edge of the Mediterranean Sea. They were a nation of sailors and merchants. They discovered the west coast of Libya, Tripoli and founded cities, the most important were: Sabratha, OEA (Tripoli) and Leptis Magna.
The Romans
Several times, the Romans tried to invade the Phoenician cities of northern Libya, but the cities were protected by their leaders fighting Phoenician and Numerian (Berbers). But finally, when the famous Caesar became emperor of Rome, he succeeded in defeating the Phoenicians and Numerian and annexed all of North Africa to his empire after the famous battle of Actium in 31 BC (when cities Greece fell under Roman rule).
Some aspects of Roman civilization in Libya:
The Romans introduced their civilization and their way of life in Libya. They made larger cities, build theaters, temples, circuses and public baths. They dug wells to get water and tanks to keep the olive oil. Schools were founded. Were taught Latin, the Libyan children were admitted. Born in Leptis Magna in 145 AD, Septimius Severus, became an officer, then emperor in 193 BC apes. He died during a battle in England in 214 AD.
The economy of Libya during the Roman occupation:
Libya's economy is growing considerably under the Romans.
Agriculture became easier thanks to the water wells, aqueducts and reservoirs installed by the Romans. Were cultivated cereals (wheat, oats), they planted fruit trees (olive, palm trees, vines and citrus). Enough crops for local consumption and the rest was exported to Rome.
Trade:
The Romans built roads to promote the passage of the caravan trade between Libya and the countries of central Africa. The Romans imported ivory, gold, wild animals and slaves. They exported olive oil, grain, sheep, goats. The
Roman government of Libya: The government
was by means of a central government representative from Rome to the most important cities. Small towns and inland villages were governed by Libyans in the same region and who were also responsible for collecting taxes for the central government in Rome.
The Vandals:
In the 5th century AD, Libya was invaded by the Vandals. Their king was called Genseric. Under his reign, the Libyans were abused and their devastated country. Shortly after, the people from all over North Africa is united and organized a revolt against the Vandals who were expelled from the country.
The Byzantines:
The Byzantines conquered Libya under the command of their king Justinian 1st with Belisarius at his side. Justinian gave orders to rebuild the Roman cities that were devastated during the reign of the Vandals. Tripoli was still considered the capital of Libya and the Libyans had the freedom to run their internal affairs. The Byzantines remained in Libya until 643 AD.
Islam and the Arab conquests:
Arabs belong to the Semitic race and lived in the Arabian Peninsula. The largest Some of them were nomads, living in tents and caring for livestock. Only the inhabitants of Yemen, Mecca and Medina were sedentary. The Arabs were pagans. They worshiped many idols as statues of bronze or stone, having the appearance of human beings who were kept and venerated in the temple of the Kaaba in Mecca.
Now the Arabian Peninsula consists of several Arab countries including the largest is the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Saudi:
Arabia is a peninsula located in Asia Minor. It is bordered by the Red Sea Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf.
Birth of Islam:
Koreysh The tribe was the tribe's richest and most important to Mecca. It controlled the region hÿaz and had the burden of caring for the Kaaba.
year 571 AD saw the birth of Mohammed Ben Ali Taleb, of the tribe who became Koreysh prophet and began teaching Islam to the Arabs in 611 AD Parès.
The Medina was chosen as the capital of the Islamic state. Muslim believers were responsible for communicating Islam to their fellow citizens and destroy the old idols of the pagans.
"God is unique.
He is omnipotent. It is the sole creator of the universe ".
Islam recognizes the existence of other religions are monotheistic: Judaism and Christianity.
The prophet Mohammed died in Medina on June 8 632 AD. A his death, the Islamic state was governed by four of his companions called Rachidites Kharga, that is to say, the successors of the Prophet and the believers who follow the Straight Path. They were:
Aboubaker Esadik.
Omar bin Khattab.
Ben Othman Affeh.
Ali Ben Abi Taleb.
The Muslim calendar:
The Muslim calendar is not the same as Christian.
It was decided to fix the date from the day the Prophet Muhammad left his hometown of Mecca to settle in La Medina.
Months of the Islamic year are months luniares, there are 11 days shorter than the months of the Christian year. This year (1975) is the year 1396 of the Hegira. The Hijra is the migration of the Prophet to Medina, that is to say having a place left to go elsewhere.
The conquest of North Africa:
From 25 to 95 of the Hijra.
From 643 to 713 AD.
Cause of taking the Libya.
Libya is situated on the direct route from North Africa, the conquest would facilitate access to Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco and serve as a starting point for the Arab attack.
Amer Ibn Al Ass:
Governor of Egypt, he tries to conquer Libya and actually it happens to occupy the Cyrenaica. He sends one of his officers, Okba Ben Nafâa to continue to adopt the other regions of Libya, the provinces and remote oases. Okba Ben Nafâa always advance on Libyan territory and he arrives in Tunisia to win completes and there founded a city: Kairouan, which became the first Islamic capital Arab and North Africa. A mosquéey is built, and it bears the name of Ben Okba Nafâa and still exists to date.
The conquest of Spain:
Having completed the conquest of Algeria and Morocco, the Arabs settled and Islam spread it everywhere, even among the Berber tribes.
a young officer, TAREK BEN ZIAD led the attack against Spain by crossing the Strait of Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq), which separates it from Morocco. The Arabs stayed in Spain for 800 years during which they did convert to Islam, many of the English population and built magnificent mosques and Towns And in that time Spain was known as Andalusia.
The Spaniards and the Knights of St John of Malta:
Spain remained occupied by Arabs for 800 years. But then, Arab governments and weakened the Spaniards returned to their country and attacked the countries of North Africa where the Arabs had fled, they could fill in some areas.
In 1510, the Spaniards arrived in Libya and, after a lengthy battle, they could not take that Tripoli whose inhabitants took refuge in Tajoura to try to rebuild their army and take back their city.
In 1530, the King of Spain Charles V gave Tripoli to the Knights of St. John who were already established in Malta, an island lying off the north of Libya.
The Ottomans: In the fifteenth century, the Turkish empire was at its peak and the Libyans in Tripoli demanded the Turkish fleet to help them fight the Spaniards and the Knights of St John of Malta, and the hunt Tripoli. It was thus that the Turkish officer Mourad Agha and his troops besieged the town and attacked the fleet of the Knights of St. John. They were defeated and forced to leave Libya. This time, Libya became a province of the Turkish Empire, the Ottoman Empire. Murad Agha was the first governor in Libya. He undertook to bring peace, prosperity and security in Libya. Several governors succeeded in Libya during the Ottoman period. Everyone brought great improvements in the organization of Libyan cities.
example: Dorgouth Bach:
- did enlarge the port of Tripoli,
- did reduce the amount of tribute paid by the Libyan provinces of the Ottoman Empire,
- made major reforms to develop agriculture,
- encouraged trade and expansion of new construction. In the ancient city of Tripoli, there is a mosque, the mosque where Dargouth Bacha he is buried.
Then Othman Bach:
- he built the first Turkish school in Bab el Bahr (near the port),
- did increase the number of vessels belonging to the Turkish corsair fleet.
Other governors established schools, courts, parliament, the press, postal and telegraphic communications.
Among the most beautiful buildings and interesting, you can admire the Turkish fort and its hanging gardens, now converted into a historical museum, he finds himself in Tripoli, near the port.
The last Turkish governor called Brahim Adham and his reign in the late nineteenth century, the power of the Turkish Empire began to decline because of the many wars that Turkey had lost (against the Balkan states) and also because of internal strife. Taking advantage of the situation very critical of Turkey, Britain, France and Italy took possession of the Ottoman provinces, Egypt, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya.
Libya under the Italian occupation:
Italy is swamped by the ever increasing rate of its population. Taking advantage of the weakness of the Ottoman Empire, she declares war in 1911. During the months of October and November 1911, Italy is the most important cities of the coast: Tripoli, Cerna, Masrata. Libyans, the Turkish officers valiantly resisted their enemies and prevented advance beyond the cities already occupied.
few years later, Turkey engaged in the war against the Balkans, Libya decided to abandon to its fate and sign a peace treaty with Italy. The First World War broke out in 1914. Italy is united with England against Turkey, Germany and Austria, but then concentrate all its efforts in the war, Italy is first overcome the Libyan resistance and occupy the rest of the territories Libyan.
The Libyan people still fighting but he was oppressed by the great number and the military capabilities of the Italians. By 1931, all Libya was occupied and put to Italian colonialism.
The Italian government had a program to install the Italians in Libya.
1 / Italians were encouraged to emigrate to Libya, they were building schools to spread their civilization and language.
2 / The Italian Government established branches, the largest Italian banks in major cities of Libya to allow Italians to deposit their capital. Once established in Libya, the Italians settled and started) to make major improvements (Development of cities, ports, roads ...) and exploited the land where they did develop, especially the cultivation of olive trees, almond trees, vineyards and orange groves. And livestock.
The Second World War and the British occupation:
She burst in 1939. In 1940, Italy signed an assistance treaty with Germany: ASCE. The two countries had a fascist regime (Mussolini - Hitler) and fought together.
Thousands of Libyans were forced to participate in this war. The Italians, led by Marshal Graziani, wanted to occupy Egypt, which was defended by the English were repulsed but resumed the attack under the command of Field Marshal Rommel; they occupied part of Egypt and remained there for two years.
Shortly after October 1942, a battle broke out against the Italians and the Germans to prevent them from moving to Alexandria, they were defeated by the British under General Montgomery couduite.
The German and Italian troops were forced to retire in their country. The French, already installed in Tunisia, occupied the Fèsane (Morocco) and the British occupied Cyrenaica and Tripoli in January 1943.
Libya under the British administration: The
English created two military governments in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. They were called: the British Military Mission. A similar missions to Fésane created, but it was directed by the French. The British chose a veteran Libyan Jamahiriya to form a monarchy, the Prince of Libya, Idris Sanusi, had fought the Italians and then fled to Egypt. The United Nations voted for the independence of Libya, made on 1 January 1952. The prince was elected King Idriss of Libya.
The Kingdom of Libya:
under King Idris, Libya, which was divided into four independent provinces from each other was unified. The royal regime did not take much effort to develop agriculture and industry in Libya. The presence of foreign forces were still accepted. There was a military base belonging to the British at Tobruk (Lawrense of Arabia - the film and the son of the desert with Anthony Quinn) and one very large air base that was leased to the Americans in Tripoli.
The Democratic Republic Jamahiriya:
While King Idris was on travel in Europe, a Libyan colonel came to power without an attack, Muammar Gaddafi on 1 September 1969, which is still in power now, and that date which is the Libyan National Day.
Libya became relatively self-sufficient. The country of North Africa which has the most oil wells, which makes it rich. It has everything: crops, livestock, handicrafts. The port of Tripoli port is permanently filled with huge traffic. Gradually, Libya opening up to tourism with its history, the ruins are worth the visit and its coastal and desert landscapes of immense charm (having lived there 7 years exciting).
Despite the multiple conflicts that make him a bad reputation this change of opening to the world deserves to be highlighted.
Despite the multiple conflicts that make him a bad reputation this change of opening to the world deserves to be highlighted.
After Tunisia and Egypt overthrew their government in January and February 2011, the Libyans, TODAY 'hui want to turn a political change, because if Mubarak ruled Egypt for 28 years, Gaddafi himself, took office on 1 September 1969 with the El Djoumouriya (The Republic), or for almost 42 years.
The world changes, people change ... attempt to live better and happier too ... Inshallah ...
In February 2011 the Libyan revolt suffer carnage from their government representative, Muammar Gaddafi. In nearly three weeks of national conflicts, more than 2,000 deaths are regrettable. The whole party is
Jamahiriya fell, but remains resistant Tripoli with pro-Gaddafi.
How all this will he finish?
In February 2011 the Libyan revolt suffer carnage from their government representative, Muammar Gaddafi. In nearly three weeks of national conflicts, more than 2,000 deaths are regrettable. The whole party is
Jamahiriya fell, but remains resistant Tripoli with pro-Gaddafi.
How all this will he finish?
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